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Introduction:Buddhism in Nepal¥§ªyº¸¦ò±Ðªº¤¶²Ð


Religion in the Kathmandu Valley has historically comprised five main traditions.  The first is animism, worship of the spirits.  The second, most widespread element is worship of the Mother Goddesses and other forms of Devī.  The third is worship of the god Śiva.  The fourth is worship of Viṣṇu.  The fifth tradition is Vajrayāna Buddhism¡Xthe form of Buddhism that has been practiced at Hiraṇyavarṇa Mahāvihāra since its inception.

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Buddhism during the lifetime of the Buddha


 

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Lord Buddha is believed to have taught the dharma in his home city of Kapilavastu, Nepal.  Both the Svayambhū Purāṇa and various chronicles(vaṃśāvalīs) claim that the Buddha¡¦s teachings reached the Kathmandu Valley in his own lifetime, and even that the Buddha himself came here.  Even though we have no clear evidence for this, the Buddha¡¦s legacy is evident everywhere in the Valley.  One early source that refers to Buddhism in Nepal is the Mūla-sarvāstivāda-vinayavastu, a Sanskrit work on monastic discipline translated into Chinese by Yixing in 700CE.  It mentions an episode relating to the transport of wool by a group of bhikṣus who set off for Nepal when the Buddha was residing in Śrāvastī.  The same text relates that Ānanda, the Buddha¡¦s cousin, also went to the Kathmandu Valley.


 

 


 

²³¤H³£ª¾¹D±Ï¥@¥D¦òªû¦b¥@®É¡A´¿¦b¥Lªº®a¶m­{¬sù½Ã°ê¡]Kapilavastu¡^¡A³o­Ó¦aÂI´N¦b¥§ªyº¸¡C¤£½×¬O´µ¥Ë·¨¥¬¡]Svayambhū¡AµÛ¦Wªº¥§ªyº¸¤j¦ò¶ð¡A¦ì©ó¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦¡^¬ÛÃö¥j¥N°O¸ü¡]§Yvaṃśāvalīs³o¥»®Ñ¡^©Î¬OºØºØ¥j¥N¥v¶Ç¡A¦b¦b³£«ÅºÙ¦òªûªº±Ð»£´¿¸g¦b¥@ªº®É­Ô´N¨Ó¨ì¤F¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó¤]¶Ç»¡¦òªû¥»¤H¤]¨Ó¹L³o¸Ì¡C§Y¨Ï¹ï¦¹¦Ó¨¥¡A§Ú­Ì¨ÃµL¦³¤OªºÃÒ¾Ú¨ÓÃÒ©ú¡A¦ý¬O¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦«o´¶¹M¬y¶Ç¦òªûªº¶Ç©_¬G¨Æ¡C¦b¥§ªyº¸¤ñ¸û¦­´Áªº¡A­nºâ¦³¤@¥»µÛ¦Wªº¥H¼g±ë¤å¼g¦¨¡A¦³Ãö¹¬¹Î§Ù«ßªº¤åÄm¡A§Y¡m®Ú¥»»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡¬s©`­C¡n¡A³o¥»®Ñ¦b¤½¤¸¤C¦Ê¦~¥ª¥k¬°¤¤°êµÛ¦Wªº¯d¾Ç¹¬¦÷¸q²b©ÒĶ¦¨¡C¸Ó®Ñ´£¨ì¦³¤ù¬q´£¨ì·í¦òªû¦bªÙ½Ã°ê¡]Śrāvastī¡^®É¡A¦³¸s¤ñ¥C¥Xµo¨ì¥§ªyº¸¥h¹B°e¦Ï¤ò¡C¸Ó¤åÄm¤¤¤]´£¨ì¦òªûªºªí§ÌªüÃø¡]Ānanda¡^¤]¨ì¹L¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦¡C


 

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Concerning the introduction of Buddhism to Nepal, John Locke writes:


 

¡§Given the proximity of the valley of Nepal to Lumbini, Kapilavastu and areas of North Bihār, where Buddhism spread rapidly even during the time of the Buddha, it is quite possible that the dharma found its way to the Valley during the lifetime of the Buddha himself.¡¨


 

 


 

¦³Ãö¤¶²Ð¦òªû¨Ó¨ì¥[¼wº¡³£³o¥ó¨Æ±¡¡A¾ÇªÌ¬ù¿«¬¥§J¡]John Locke¡^¼g¹D¡G¡u°²©w¬s¾F©ó¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦ªºÂŬs¥§ªá¶é¡]Lumbini¡A¦òªû­°¥Í¦a¡^¡A­{¬sù½Ã°ê¡]Kapilavastu¡A¦òªûªº¯ª°ê¡^»P¤ñ«¢º¸¬Ù¥_°Ï¡]North Bihār¡^³o¨Ç³£ºâÄÝ©ó¦ò±Ð§Ö³tµo®iªº°Ï°ì¡]Ķ®×¡G¥jºÙ¡u¤¤¤ÑªÇ¡v¡A¬O¦òªk³Ì¿³²±ªº¦a±a¡^¡A¦b¦òªû¦b¥@ªº®É´Á¡A±Ðªk¬y¶Ç¨ì¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦¡A³o­Ó¥i¯à©Ê¬O«Ü°ªªº¡C¡v



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Buddhism in the Aśokan Period ªü¨|¤ý®É¥Nªº¦ò±Ð


 

Emperor Aśoka is believed to have visited Lumbini and Kapilavastu, where he erected a pillar stating that Buddha was born there.  He also visited all the other places believed to have been associated with the principal events in the Buddha¡¦s life.  According to Nepalese chronicles, Emperor Aśoka visited Kathmandu with his royal preceptor Upagupta.  He erected many caityas here and offered his aughter, Cārumatī erected a monastery in her own name and spent most of her life as a nun(bhikṣuṇi).  The monastery erected by princess Cārumatī still exists today, and is now called Cābahīl Vihāra.  However, it is difficult to confirm that Cārumatī ever visited Kathmandu, because none of the Aśokan inscriptions mention that he had a daughter by that name.


 

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In Patan, there are four great stupas in the four cardinal directions.  Nepalese tradition asserts that they were erected by the Emperor Aśoka himself, and their structure resembles ancient stupas known to have been erected by Aśoka.  Prof. David Snellgrove writes:


 

 


 

¦b©¬¤¦«°°Ï«h¦³¥|­Ó¤j¦ò¶ð¦ì©ó¥|­Ó¥D­n¤è¦V¡C¥§ªyº¸¤H¦b¶Ç²Î¤W³£¥D±i³o¨Ç«Øª«³£¬Oªü¨|¤ý¥L¦Û¤v©Ò«Øªº¡C¦Ó¨º¨Ç¦ò¶ðªºµ²ºc»P¥j¥Nªü¨|¤ý©Ò«Ø³]ªº¦ò¶ð¡A¨ä­·®æ¦p¦¹¬Û¦ü¡C¤j½Ã¡O´µ©`º¸®æù¤Ò±Ð±Â¼g¹D¡G


 

 


 

Such was Aśoka¡¦s fame as the greatest of all benefactors of Buddhism that his name was readily associated with missionary activities that far exceeded their considerable historical range.  If Khotan in the remotest part of Central Asia can preserve traditions concerning its founding as city state by an imaginary son of Aśoka, named Kustana, it is by no means surprising to learn that Aśoka personally visited the Nepal Valley, where he founded the royal city of Patan together with its great stupas, each at one of the four cardinal points.


 

 


 

¦b¦ò±Ð¬Éªº¤j¥\¼w¥DùØ¡Aªü¨|¤ý¥i»¡¬O³Ì°¶¤j¡A³Ì¦³¦Wªº¡C¥Lªº¦WÁn©Ò¯A¤Îªº¥°ªk¬¡°Ê»·¶W¹L¤F¾ú¥vªº¼h¯Å¡C¦pªG©MÂõ¡]Kotan¡^¯à¦b³Ì°¾»·ªº¤¤¨È¦a±a¯à°÷«O¯d¦í¶Ç²Î¡A¬O¦]¬°©M³£¥«³Ð¿ìªÌ¡A¬O©M¤@­Ó·Q¹³¤¤ªºªü¨|¤ý¨à¤l¡A®w´µ¶ð¯Ç¡]Kustana¡^¦³Ãöªº¸Ü¡A§Ú­Ì¤£¥²·P¨ìÅå³Y¡Aªü¨|¤ý¥»¤H¥h¹L¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦¡A¨Ã«Ø¥ß¤F¬Ó«°©¬¤¦¡A»P¦b¥D­nªº¹D¸ô¤è¦V¤W«Ø¥ß¤F°¶¤jªº¦ò¶ð¸s¡C


 

 


 

¡KThis city is certainly the early Buddhist city of Nepal, but there is nothing surviving above ground to suggest a date earlier than the ourth century CE.


 

 


 

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John Locke adds:


      

 


      

It is not impossible that the emperor Aśoka visited the Valley, but there is no contemporary evidence of such a visist, either from Nepal or from Buddhist sources in India.  Unlike India, where the ancient Buddhist sites are abandoned ruins, the ancient sites in Nepal are still active shrines. 
      

 


      

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¦³Ãöªü¨|¤ý¥h¹L¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦¡A³o¥ó¨Æ¬O¨Ã«D¤£¥i¯àªº¡C¦ý¬O¦pªü¨|¤ý«ô·|¥[¼wº¡³£ªº³o¥ó¨Æ¡A¤µ¤Ñ¨S¦³ÃÒ¾Ú¡A¦P¼Ë¦b¦L«×¡A¦³Ãö¥§ªyº¸ªº¦ò±Ð¸ê®Æ¤]¬O¨S¦³ªº¡C¦ý¬O¡A¤£¹³¦L«×¨ºÃä²{¦s¥j¥N¦ò±Ð³õ°ì³£¬O¼o¼V¡A¥§ªyº¸³o¸Ìªº«o¤´¬O¬¡¥Í¥Íªº¡AÅý²³¤HÁÙ¦b½¤«ôªº·µ°ó¡C


      

 


      

So even though there is a possibility that Aśoka personally came to the Valley, as tradition affirms, we lack the evidence to be certain.


      

 


      

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Buddhism in the Licchavi period(400 ¡V 800 CE)²z¬dºû®É¥Nªº¦ò±Ð¡]¤½¤¸400¦~¡ã800¦~¡^


 

 


 

The first documentary evidence of the presence of Buddhism in the valley comes from the inscription of Cāṅgunārāyaṇa and Jayadeva II, dating between 464 and the 9th century CE.  King Vṛṣadeva(387-342)was a Buddhist monarch who renovated the caitya of Dharmadatta, and also renovated several Vihāras so that they could provide lodgings for monks.  He is also said to have founded a vihāra in the vicinity of Śrī Svayambhū Mahācaitya.


 

 


 

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In that same century, King Srong btsan Gampo of Tibet married the Nepalese pricess Bhṛkuṭī Devī.  Indeed, she is the one who is credited with having played a major role in the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet.  Even though her marriage was not recorded
outside Tibet, it is clear that Bhṛkuṭī Devī not only propagated the Buddha dharma in her adopted home, but also instigated the construction of temples in both Tibet and Bhutan, including the great Jokhang Temple in Lhasa.


 

¦b¦P¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¸Ì¡AÂäýªQÃ٭襬ªï°ù¤F¥§ªyº¸ªºª÷«°¤½¥D¡]Bhṛkuṭī Devī¡^¡A½T¹ê¡A¦b§êºtµÛ¦ò±Ð¶Ç¤J¦èÂæӨ¥¡A¦o¶}³Ð¤F·sªº§½­±¡C§Y¨Ï¦oªº±B«Ã¨Ã¥¼¦bÂðϥH¥~ªº¬ö¿ý©Ò¶Ç­z¡A«Ü²M·¡ªº¬O¡Aª÷«°¤½¥D¤£¶È¦bÂðϥ°´­¦òªk¡A¨Ã¥Bµo°_¤F¦bÂðϻP¤£¤¦¦a°Ï«Ø¼q¡A¥]§t¤F©ÔÂĵۦWªº¤j¬L¦x¡]the great Jokhang Temple¡^¡C


 
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The Transitional period: 880-1200 CE ÂàÅÜ´Á¡]¤½¤¸880¦~¦Ü1200¦~¡^

 

Buddhism appears to have reached its zenith during the transitional period.  Patan essentially became a center of Buddhist learning, not unlike the celebrated universities of Bihār and Bengāl such as Odantapuri, Nālandā, and Vikramaśila.  Nepalese Buddhists went to these Indian cernters to study, and Indians journeyed north to sojourn in Nepal.  On Patan, Snellgrove wrote,

 

¦bÂàÅܮɴÁ¸Ì¡A¦ò±Ðµo®i¹F¨ì¤FÅq®p¡C©¬¤¦¡]Patan¡A¤]´N¬O²{¦bªºLalitpuru¡^ÅãµÛ¦a¦¨¬°¦ò±Ð¾Ç³Nªº¤¤¤ß¡AÁöµM¤£¦pµÛ¦Wªº¦L«×¤ñ«¢º¸¦a°Ï©Î¬O©s¥[©Ô¦a°Ïªº¦ò±Ð¤j¾Ç¡]Ķ®×¡G·N«ü·í®ÉµÛ¦Wªº¡A»E¶°¤F¦ò±Ð¤j®v­Ì¡A¤]»E¶°¤F¤Q¤è¾Ç¤lªºµÛ¦W¦x°|¡^¡A¦p¯Q¤¦¶ð´¶¨½¡]Odantapuri¡AĶ®×¡G¦ì©ó¼¯´¦ªû°ê¤@±a¡^¡B¨ºÄêªû¡A¤Î¶W§Ù¦x¡]Vikramaśila¡^¡C¥§ªyº¸ªº¦ò±Ð®{­Ì¨ì³o¨Ç¦L«×¦ò¾Ç¤¤¤ß¬ã­×¡A¦Ó¦L«×ªº®È¦æ®a«h¦V¥_«h®È©~©ó¥§ªyº¸¡C´N©¬¤¦³o­Ó¦a¤è¦Ó½×¡A´µ©`º¸®æù¤Ò¼g¨ì¡G

 

¡§Patan must have been a kind of vast university-city, differing little in its way of life from similar towns in medieval Europe.  In fact its buildings, its traditions and its way to life must have been modeled on the great monastic universities of Central India.¡¨

 

¡u©¬¤¦¥²µM¦¨¬°¤j«¬¦x°|ªº¡y¤j¾Ç«°¡z¡A³oÁö»P¤¤¥@¬ö¼Ú¬w¨ººØ¬Û¦Pªº¡y¤j¾Ç«°¡zªºÃþ«¬µy¦³¤£¦P¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤£½×´N«Ø¿v¡A¶Ç²Î¡A»P¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡³£¥²©w¥H¤¤¦L«×¡]Ķ®×¡G¥jºÙ¡y¤¤¤ÑªÇ¡z¡^¨ººØ¤j«¬¹¬°|¤j¾Ç¬°¼Ò½d¡C¡v¡]Ķ®×¡G³o¤]´N¬O»¡¡A©¬¤¦ªº¦ò±Ð»P¤¤¤ÑªÇªº½Ñ¤j¦x°|¦³±K¤ÁÃöÁp¡C¡^

 

Again he writes,

 

¡§This city was once a place of sanctity and learning, which monks and paṇḍitas were glad to come and visit.  Some came from India to teach, others from Tibet to learn.¡¨

 

¦Ó¥L¦A¦¸¼g¨ì¡G

 

¡u³o®y«°¥«´¿¸g¬O¸t¼ä¦Ó¥Rº¡¾Ç°Ýªº¦a¤è¡A¬O³\¦hªk®v»P¯Z´¼¹F­Ì¡]paṇḍitas¡^³ß·R¨Óªº¦a¤è¡C¦³¨Ç¤H«h¨Ó¦Û¦L«×¦b³o¸Ì¶Ç±Â¦òªk¡A¨ä¥L¤H«h¬O±q¦èÂèӨì³o¸Ì¾Ç²ß¦òªk¡C¡v

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This depiction is borne out by an inscription of 1230 CE which is inscribed upon a statue of Dipaṅkara Buddha belonging to Guita Vihāra. 
It states: vikhyāta lalitpuriti nagaridikṣu sarvasvapi vidyābhyām ¡V ¡¥Patan is famous in all directions for its practice of academic life.¡¦


 

 


 

¦ì©ó¥j¥ì¶ð¦ò¦x¡]¦b©¬¤¦¡^¦³¤@®y¤½¤¸1230¦~¶ì³yªº¿U¿O¦ò¡]Dipaṅkara Buddha¡^¹³¡A¤W­±©ÒÅO¨èªº»Ê¤å¤ä«ù³o­Ó»¡ªk¡G¡uvikhyāta lalitpuriti nagaridikṣu sarvasvapi vidyābhyām¡v¡A·N§Y¡y¤£½×´N­×¦æ¡AÁÙ¬O´N¾Ç³Nªº¥Í¬¡¨Ó»¡¡A©¬¤¦¦b¦U¤è­±³£¬O³Ç¥XµÛ¦Wªº¡C¡z


 
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Nāropā(1016 -1100?), the renowned yogin, had seven chief disciples who, like him, taught the Mahāyāna sutras and Vajrayāna tantras.  Two of his disciples were Lord Maitripā, of Kapilavastu, and sPhyi-ther-pa, who was also from Nepal.


 

 


 

µÛ¦Wªº·ì¦÷­×¤h¡A¤j¦¨´NªÌ¨º­Y¤Ú¡]1016¡ã1100¡H¡^¶Ç±Â¤j­¼¸g¨å»Pª÷­è­¼±KÄò¡A¥L¦³¤C¦ì¥D­nªºªù®{¡C·í¤¤¨â¦ì¥D­nªºªù®{¡A¨Ó¦Û­{¬sù½Ã°êªº±ö¬ö¤Ú¡]Maitripā¡^¡A¤Î¿Í¬¥¤Ú¡]sPhyi-ther-pa¡^³£¬O¥§ªyº¸¤H¡C


 

 


 

The great translator Mārpā also stayed in Patan and Kathmandu for three years to study the highest yoga tantras under famous Nepalese gurus such as Paindapā and sPhyi-ther-pā.  Furthermore, the great translator Rwā Lotsāvā studied the Vajrabhairava system under the Vajrācārya ¡¥Maimed Hand¡¦ Bhāro in the eleventh century.  To quote Mary Slusser:


 

 


 

¤jĶ®v°¨º¸¤Ú¡]Mārpā¡^¤]´¿¬°¤F¦V¥§ªyº¸µÛ¦Wªºª÷­è¤W®v¡A¼ï¹F¤Ú¡]Paindapā¡^»P¿Í¬¥¤Ú¡]sPhyi-ther-pā¡^¾Ç²ß³Ì°ªªº·ìÏɱKÄò¦Ó°±¯d¦b©¬¤¦»P¥[¼wº¡³£¤T¦~¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤Q¤@¥@¬öªº¦èÂäjĶ®v·S¥¾¥Ë¡]Rwā Lotsāvā¡^¤]´¿¬°¤F¦V¡u´Ý¼oªº¤â¡v¡A¦¨´NªÌ¤Ú¬¥¡]Bhāro¡^¾Ç²ß¤j«Â¼wª÷­è¡]Vajrabhairava¡^Åé¨t¡C¾ÇªÌ°¨²ú¡O´µ³°·æ¡]Mary Slusser¡^³o¼Ë»¡¡G
    


 

 


 

¡¥From the hands of Nepalese monks, there was a vast outpouring of manuscripts.  Most of the extant works of the transitional period, dating from the eleventh century on, are written in Sanskrit, employ diverse scripts, and are sometimes illuminated.¡¦


 

 


 

³z¥§ªyº¸ªk®v­ÌªºÂù¤â¡A§Û¼g¥X¤j¶qªº¸g¨÷¡C¦h¼Æ²{¦sªº¥j¥Nªº¦hºØ±ë¥»¤â½Z§@«~¦h¬O±q¤Q¤@¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó©Ò°µªº¡A³o¨ÇªF¦è¦³®ÉÁÙ¯à¬Ý±o¨ì¡C

ĶªÌ®×¡G¤½¤¸¤K¥@¬ö¨ì¤Q¤G¥@¬öªº®É¥N¡A¤j¬ù¬O¦L«×µÛ¦Wªº¤K¤Q¥|¦ì¤j¦¨´NªÌªº®É¥N¡C¤]¬Oª÷­è­¼°_­¸²±¦æªº®É¥N¡C¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð«o¦b¦¹»Ú³vº¥»P¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥æ¬y¤¤Â_¡C¦Ó¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð«D±`´ê¥©¡AÁÙ«O¯d³o³¡¤Àªº¶Ç²Î¡C


 
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The Malla Period: 1200 ¡V 1768 º¿©Ô®É´Á¡]1200¡ã1768¡^


 

 


 

By the end of the twelfth century, a profound change had been brought about in Nepalese Buddhist practice.  Celibate monasticism
diminished following the instroduction of tantric ritual practice, in which the female principle, prajñā, was of prime importance.  The upholding of celibacy was superseded by rituals associated with the invocation of prajñā.  With the rise of Vajrayāna practice,
especially the highest yoga tantra, a karmamudrā was considered essential for speedy enlightenment.


 

 


 

´N¦b¤Q¤G¥@¬ö¥½¡A¥§ªyº¸¦ò±Ð®{ªº­×¦æ²£¥Í¤F²`»·ªº§ïÅÜ¡CÀHµÛ±K±Ð¡A¥H­«µø¤k©Ê¬°­ì«hªº¡u¯ë­Y¡v¡]Ķ®×¡G¯ë­Y¬°¡y¦ò¥À¡z¡^­×ªkªº¤Þ¶i¡A¥X®a¤H¬°¥Dªº¹¬°|³vº¥´î¤Ö¡C¨ú¦Ó¥N¤§ªº¡A¬O­×«ù»P³oºØ¡u¯ë­Y¡v¬èÄ@¬ÛÃö»ö¦¡ªº¦x°|¡CÀHµÛª÷­è­¼­×¦æªº¡]¼vÅT¤O¡^´£¤É¡A¯S§O¬OÄÝ©ó³Ì°ª·ìÏɪº±KÄò¡A¨Æ·~¤â¦L¡]karmamudrā¡^¨ü¨ì­«µø¡A¦]¬°¯à°÷¨³³tÀò±o¶}®©¦¨´Nªº½t¬G¡C


 

 


 

The formerly celibate monks married and eventually took their place at the head of Nepal¡¦s caste hierarchy ¡V being classified as monks(¡¥Śākya¡¦) and tantric priests(¡¥Vajrācārya¡¦) ¡V which over the centuries was imposed upon the Buddhist community by a Śaivite monarchy.  Hundreds of monastery complexes containing living spaces for these now ¡V married monks and their shrines, libraries and educational facilities were built during this period.  It was in this period that Newar Buddhism was in full swing.  Those complexes dating from the Malla period survive today as residential quarters; not for celibate monks, but for married householder monks.  Among them, the Śākyas are temple priests, while the Vajrācāryas are family priests.


 

 


 

¡]¦b¦¹¤@§Î¶Õ¤§¤U¡^­ì¥»ªº¥X®a©M©|©ó¬Oµ²±B¡A¦¨¤F¥§ªyº¸¤H¦U¶¥¯Å¤§­º¡A³o´N¬O¤À§O¬O³QºÙ¬°¡uÄÀ­{¡v¡]Śākya¡^©M©|¡A¤Î§@¬°±K±Ðªk®vªº¡uª÷­è­¼¦æªÌ¡v¡C³o¬OÁ§ºû¯S¤ýªº²Îªv¡]Śaivite monarchy¡^¤U©Ò±j¥[¦b¤H¥Á¡A¯S§O¬O¦ò±Ð®{¬°¥DªÀ°Ïªº©~¥Á¨­¤Wªº±¹¬I¡A³o¼Ëªº§@ªk¤w¸g©µÄò¤F¦n´X­Ó¥@¬ö¡C©ó¬O¤W¦Êªº¹¬°|«K¥Ñ³o¨Ç¦¨®aªº©M©|­Ì©Ò²Õ¦¨¡A³o¨ä¤¤¤]¥]§t¤F¥L­Ìªº¦ò·µ¡A¹Ï®ÑÀ]¡A¤Î±Ð¨|³]¬I¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O¦b³o¬q´Á¶¡¤º¦¨§Î¡C¦Ó³o¥¿¬O¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ðªº¾_Àú®É´Á¡C±qº¿©Ô®É¥N¡]Malla period¡^¶}©l¡A¡]¦x°|¡^«K¥H¦b®aªº©M©|¬°¥D¡A¨Ã«D¥X®a©M©|¡A³o¼Ëªº©~¦í«¬ºA«K´Ý¦s¨ì¤µ¤Ñ¡C³o¨Ç¤H·í¤¤¡A¡uÄÀ­{¡v¡]Śākya¡^©M©|«K¦¨¬°¦x°|ªº©v±Ð®v¡A¦Ó¡uª÷­è­¼¦æªÌ¡v¡]Vajrācāryas¡^«K¦¨¬°¥@«U®a®xªº©v±Ð®v¡C

Ķ®×¡G¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð¸g¾ú¦¹¤@¶¥¬q¡A¦¨¬°¤µ¤Ñªº¼Ë»ª¡A¥i¿×¦]¯À½ÆÂø¡C¤Q¤T¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¡A¦^±Ð®{¦b¦L«×¦U¦aºÆ¨g·´·À¦ò±Ð¡A¦L«×¦ò±Ð±q¦¹´X¥G®ø¥¢¬pºÉ¡C¦Ó¥§¥Ë¦ò±ÐÁöµM©¯¹B¦a°k¹L¤F³o³õºÆ¨gªºªkÃø¡A¤´°k¤£¹L«á¨Ó¤ýÅvªºÀ£­¢¡C±qº¿©Ô®É¥N°_ªº³o¬q®É¶¡¤º¡A°ê¤ý¤£¦A¤ä«ù¦ò±Ð¡A¦Ó±N¦L«×±Ð­q¬°°ê±Ð¡]ª½¨ì2006¦~¡A³o¨Æ±¡¦L«×ÁÙ°µ¤£¨ì©O¡I¡^¡A¨Ã±j¦æ±N¦ò±Ðµ¹¤©"¦L«×±Ð¤Æ"ªº±¹¬I¡C¬Æ¥BÅý­ì¥ý³Ì¤Ï¹ïºØ©m¶¥¯Åªº¦ò±Ð¡A³ºµM¤]­n¤ñ·Ó¦L«×±Ð¡A±N"©M©|"Åܦ¨¤@­ÓºØ©m¶¥¯Å¡A¾¨ºÞÅý¥L­Ì¦ì¸m©ñ¦b¤H¥Á³Ì¤W¼h¡A¤]´N¬Oµ¥¦P©ó±Cùªùªº¦a¦ì¡A³oºØÁ|°Ê¹ê¦b¯î­ð¤w·¥¡C¤£¹L³o¤]¬Ý±o¥X¨Ó¡A¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð®{¬°¤F«O¦s¦Û¨­¦ò±Ð¶Ç²Î¡A¦b¤ýÅv²Îªv¤U¡A¤£±o¤£¦]À³§Î¦¡ÅܤơA§Î¦¨¤µ¤Ñ³oºØ¥H"¦b®aµÐÂÄ"¬°¥DªºÅé¨î¡A¤]¦³¨ä¤£±o¤wªº­W°J¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð¥Hª÷­è­¼¬°¥D¡A®£©È¤]¦³¥t¥~ªº­ì¦]¡A¦]¬°ª÷­è­¼ªº©v±Ð§Î¦¡»P¦L«×±Ð¬Ûªñ¡A³oÅý«H¥õ¦L«×±Ðªº°ê¤ý¤ñ¸û®e©ö±µ¨ü¡C¥§ªyº¸ªº°ê¤ý³Ì«á¦b¤½¤¸2008¦~8¤ë¡A¥Ñ°ê·|§ë²¼­n¨D°h¦ì¡Aµ²§ô¤F¼Æ¦Ê¦~ªº²Îªv¡C


 


 

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The decline of
celibate monasticism: Newar Buddhism as the practice of a lay Bodhisattva

¥X®a¹¬¹Îªº¨S¸¨¢w¢w¥H¦b®aµÐÂĭצ欰¥Dªº¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð


 

 


 

Now, the question must be asked: why did Newar Buddhists opt to become householder monks(gṛhastha bhikṣu)rather than celibate monks ?  Both historians and local Buddhists maintain that celibate monasticism failed to survive the reign of King Jayasthitimalla in the fifteenth century.  I am not convinced, however, that it was solely Jayasthitimalla ¡V an aggressively orthodox Hindu, said to have imposed a caste system upon the Buddhist community ¡V who singlehandedly removed celibate
monasticism.  Rather, the decline of celibate monkhood started long before he ascended the throne of Nepal.  Although Jayasthitimalla may have sounded its death knell, the institution of celibate monasticism seems to have already been weak at the time of Atiśā¡¦s arrival in Kathmandu in 1041 CE.


 

 


 

²{¦b¤H­Ì¦³­Ó°ÝÃD¤@©w·|°Ý¡G¬°¤°»ò¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ðªº¦ò±Ð®{·|¶É¦V¦¨¬°¦b®a¡þ¦³®a«Çªº©M©|¡]±ë¤å¡Ggṛhastha bhikṣu¡A­ì·N¬°¥H±Cùªùªº²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¡u©~®aªº¦æªÌ¡v¡AÄÝ©ó³oÃþªº¤ñ¥C¡A¦Ó«DÂ÷¶}®a¤Q¤è¬y®öªºµL®a¤ñ¥C¡C¡^¡A¦Ó«D¦¨¬°¥X®a¹¬¤H¡H¤£½×¬O¾ú¥v¾Ç®a©Î¬O·í¦aªº¦ò±Ð®{³£»{¬°¥X®a¹¬°|«¬ºA¦b¤Q¤­¥@¬öªº¸ë´­´µ¦a¿Íº¿©Ô°ê¤ý¡]King Jayasthitimalla¡^®É¥N¬OµLªk¦sÄòªº¡C§Ú¤£¬Û«H¦¹¨Æ¡A¦ýµL½×¦p¦ó¡A³o½T©wªº¡A¸ë´­´µ¦a¿Íº¿©Ô°ê¤ý¬O­Ó¥¿²Îªº¡A«o¦³§ðÀ»©Êªº¦L«×±Ð®{¡C¶Ç»¡¥L±N¡]¶Ç²Î¦L«×±Ðªº¡^ºØ©m¨î«×±j¥[¦b¦ò±ÐªÀ°Ï¤§¤W¡A¤@¤â±N¡]¦ò±Ð¶Ç²Î¡^¥X®a¨î«×µ¹¼o°£¤F¡C¬ÆªÌ¡A¥X®a¹¬¹Î§ó¥i·¹¤Î¥Lµn°ò¬°¥§ªyº¸°ê¤ý¥H«e´N¶}©lªø´Á¦a°I·L¡CÁöµM¸ë´­´µ¦a¿Íº¿©Ô°ê¤ý«Å§i¤F¥¦¡]«ü¥X®a¹¬¹Î¡^ªº·À¤`¡A¦ý¥X®a¹¬¹Î¦ü¥G¦­¦bªü©³®l´LªÌ¡]Atiśā¡¦s¡^©ó¤½¤¸1014¦~¨Ó¨ì¥[¼wº¡³£®É«K¤w¸g¦¡·L¤F¡C


 

 


 

Indeed, there had long been provision for ¡¥lay monkhood¡¦ in Indian Buddhism, and by the time of Jayasthitimalla¡¦s coronation, it was already very popular in the Kathmandu Valley.  The antiquity and strength of this tradition is evidenced by the eight century Indian work Sikṣā Samuccaya, compiled by illustrious Ācārya Śantideva. It contains the following verse:


 

 


 

½T¹ê¡A¦L«×¦ò±Ð¦­¦³¡u¦b®a©M©|¡vªº¥ý¦æªÌ¡C¦b¸ë´­´µ¦a¿Íº¿©Ô°ê¤ý§Y¦ì¥H«e¡A³oºØ§@ªk¦b¥[¼wº¡³£¤s¨¦¤º´N¬y¦æ°_¨Ó¡C³oºØ¶Ç²Îªº¥j¦Ñ©Ê»P¤O¹D©Ê¦b¤½¤¸¤K¥@¬ö¥Ñ¦L«×µÛ¦Wªº±I¤ÑµÐÂÄ¡]Ācārya Śantideva¡^©Ò°µªº§@«~¡m§Ù¥»¶°¡n¡]Sikṣā Samuccaya¡^´N¥i¥HÃÒ©ú¡C·í¤¤ªº¸ÖÔU¬O³o¼Ë»¡ªº¡G


 

 


 

Punaraparaṃ kulaputra bhaviṣyanti anāgata

Adhvāni gṛhastha pravajita ādikārmika bodhisattva|


 

Again, O sons of a good family!  In the future there will be
Householder monk, a ¡¥beginner--practioner¡¦ bodhisattva.


 

 


 

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With regard to the ¡¥beginner-pratictione ¡¦(ādikārmika bodhisattva) Bodhisattva mentioned here, Ācārya Anupamavajra was a prominent advocate of ¡¥beginner¡¦s practice¡¦.  His works had a great impact on the Newar Buddhist tradition.  Indeed , his Ādikarma Pradīpa, which Anupamavajra composed in 1098 CE, partly describes the traditional daily practice of many Newar Buddhists.


 

 


 

¦³Ãö©Ò¿×ªº¡uªì¤ß¦æªÌ¡v¡]beginner-pratictioner¡A§Y±ë¤å¡Gādikārmika bodhisattva¡^µÐÂÄ¡]Ķ®×¡G¥i¯à¬O«ü±I¤ÑµÐÂÄ¡^³o¸Ì´£¨ì¡GªüìG¾¤ªü¿®©¬º¿ª÷­è´N¬O¤@¦ìªì¤ß¦æªÌªº´£­ÒªÌ¡C¥Lªº§@«~¹ï¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ðªº¶Ç²Î°_¤F«Ü¤jªº§@¥Î¡C½T¹ê¡A¥Lªº¡mªì¤ßªÌ¿O½×¡n¡]Ādikarma
Pradīpa
¡^§@©ó¤½¤¸1098¦~¡A¦³³¡¤À«K¦b»¡©ú¶Ç²Î¤W¨C¤Ñ³£­n°µªº¤é½Ò¡A¦Ó³o¥¿¬O²{¦b³\¦h¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð®{³£¦b°µªº¡C


 

 


 

¡]Ķ®×¡G³o©Ò¿×ªº¨C¤Ñ¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð®{§@ªº¤é½Ò­ì¤å¦p¤U¡G


 

In brief, the work deals with the following common practices of Newar Buddhists:


 

 


 

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1.   To take refuge in the Triple Gem; ¤T¬Ô¨Ì¡F


 

2.   To recite the Nāmasaṅgīti; »w°á¡m¤å®í®v§QµÐÂįu¹ê¦W¸g¡n¡F


 

3.  To recite the Bhadracaryā Praṇidhāna; °á»w¡m´¶½åµÐÂĦæÄ@«~¡n¡F


 

4.  To make offerings to departed spirits(Preta bali); ¬I­¹µ¹¤`ªÌ¡F


 

5. To circumambulate caityas, Buddha statues, etc; ¨µÂ§¦ò¶ð¡A¦ò¹³µ¥µ¥¡F


 

6.  To perform the Gurumaṇḍala rite; ¦æ¤W®v°Ò¹F©Ô»ö¦¡¡F


 

7.     To meditate on one¡¦s tutelary deity;´N¦Û¤vªº¦uÅ@¯«¡]Ķ®×¡G¥»´L¡^°µ­ß·Q¡]©ÎÁI­×¡^¡F


 

8.     To recite the Prajñāpāramitā and other Mahāyāna sutras; »wŪ¡m¯ë­Yªiù»e¦h¸g¡n»P¨ä¥L¤j­¼¦ò¨å¡C


 

9.    To recite the Verse on Generosity (Dānagāthā)¡F»wŪ¡m¨Ñ¾iÔU¡n¡F


 

10.  To perform Bodhisattva practices with joy; §Ö¼Ö¦a¦æµÐÂĹD¡F


 

11.  To study the Buddhist scriptures; ¬ãŪ¦ò±Ð¸g¨å¡F


 

12.  To offer fivefold prostration to the Buddhas of the ten directions; ¹ï¤Q¤è¦ò­n¦æ¤­Åé§ë¦a§


 

13.  To offer food to the triple Gem and one¡¦s tutelary deity before eating; À\«e­n¨Ñ¾i¤TÄ_»P¦Û¤v¦uÅ@¯«¡]©Î¥»´L¡^¡F


 

14.To sleep in lion¡¦s posture after performing Deity yoga. ¦b­×§¹¥»´L·ìÏÉ«áºÎ¯v­n¥H·à¤l«º¶Õ¡]Ķ®×¡GÀ³¬O«ü¥k¦Óª×¡A§Y¦N²»ª×ªk¡^¡C¡^
 

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According to the Newar Buddhist tradition, when one disrobes after takeing tonsure (cūḍākarma), the Śākyas and Vajrācāryas do not cease to be Buddhist monks, but pass from the state of celibate bhikṣu to the state of householder bodhisattva bhikṣu.  In the
disrobing ceremony, the following lines describe the new status of the bhikṣu:


 

 


 

®Ú¾Ú¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ðªº¶Ç²Î¡A·í¤@­Ó«d¾v«á²æ¥h¹¬³T¡]Ķ®×¡Gµ²§ô¤Fµu´Á¥X®a¡A«d¾vªº±ë¤å¬°¡Gcūḍā¡^¡A¤£½×¬O¡uÄÀ­{¹¬¡v¡]Ķ®×¡G¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð¦³¨àµ£µu´Á¥X®a¨î«×¡A¦W¬°¡uÄÀ­{¹¬¡v¡^©Î¬O¡uª÷­è­¼¦æªÌ¡v¡]Ķ®×¡G¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð®{µo¤ß²×¨­­×¦æª÷­è­¼ªÌ¡^¨Ã¥¼°±¤î¦ò±Ð©M©|ªºÂ¾³d¡A¦Ó¬O±q¥X®a©M©|¹L´ç¬°¦b®aµÐÂĪº¤ñ¥C¹¬ªºª¬ºA¡C¦b°£¥h¹¬³TªºÂ§»ö¡A¥H¤U¬O¡]ªø¦Ñ¡^¹ï·sª¬ºA¤ñ¥C¡]Ķ®×¡GÀ³«ü¡u·sÁÙ«U«á¡vªº¤H¡^ªº»¡µü¡G


 

 


 

You have gone through the Śrāvakayāna and now come to Mahāyāna, the greatest of the Buddhist yānas.  You have
participated in some Vajrayāna rituals, and after going through some higher ordinations you will know what Cakrasamvara is.


 

 


   §A¤w¸g¸g¹L¤FÁn»D­¼¶¥¬q¡A²{¦b¨Ó¨ì¤F¤j­¼¡A¤]´N¬O¦ò±Ð­¼¸Ì³Ì°ª³Ì¤jªº¤@­¼¡C§A¤w¸g¯à°÷°Ñ»P¤Fª÷­è­¼»ö¦¡¡A¤§«á±N±µ¨ü§ó°ª¦ì¶¥¡A´N¬O§A±N¤F¸Ñ¬Æ»ò¬O¡u³Ó¼Öª÷­è¡v¡]Cakrasamvara¡^¡C¡]¸Ó¤å¨Ó¦ÛDavid Gellnerªº®Ñ¡mMonk, Householder and Tantric Priest¡n1992¦~ª©¡C¡^
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That Buddhism survived in the Kathmandu Valley right up to the end of the Malla period is largely due to the benign influence of Tibetan Buddhism.  When King Pratāpa Malla(1664-1674) opened the trade relations between the two countries, Newar traders began to regularly travel to and from Lhasa.  They not only amassed great wealth in Tibet but also brought back renewed Buddhist values to Nepal, along with the paraphernalia of their faith such as statues and paintings(paubhā), thereby revitalizing the Buddhist tradition of Kathmandu.

 

¦ý¦ò±Ð¦b¥»¦a³Ì²×¯à©µÄò¨ìº¿©Ô®É¥Nªºµ²§ô¡A¥D­n¨Ó¦ÛÂöǦò±Ð¥¿­±ªº¼vÅT¡C¦b´¶©Ô¯S¤Ú¡Oº¿©Ô¤ý¡]King Pratāpa Malla(1664-1674)¡^¦b¦ì®É¶}±Ò¤F»P¦èÂ꺨â°ê¶T©öÃö«Y¡C¥§¥Ë°Ó¤H¶}©l»P©ÔÂÄ©w´Á©¹¨Ó¡A¥L­Ì¤£¶È¦b»P¦èÂðӶT¤WÀò±o¥¨¤j°]´I¡A¦Ó¥B±q©ÔÂıa¦^¤@¨ÇÀH¨­¥Î«~¡A¦p¦ò¹³¡Nøµe¡A¦Ó¦A«×´_¿³¤F¦ò±Ðªº»ù­È¡A±q¦ÓÅý¥[¼wº¡³£ªº¦ò±Ð¦A«×´_¬¡¤F°_¨Ó¡C

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There are many accounts of Nepalese sojourning in Tibetan monasteries, especially at Tashi Lhunpo in Shigatse.  In 1667 CE, a certain monk, named Padmadhvaja, returned from Tashi Lhunpo and established a monastery in Bhaktapur.  He donated an image of Dīpaṅkara
Buddha and endowed the monastery with lands held in a trust (guṭhī), ¡§with the approval of his wife, daughter, and son¡¨.  Tibetan Buddhism gradually came to be favored by those Nepalese merchants and artisans who resided in Tibet.  Furthermore, these people could be freely and permanently ordained as monks in Tibet, which was no longer possible in Nepal.  In the meantime, with the
disappearance of Buddhism in India, Nepal had become a holy land for Tibetans, and in certain seasons of the year Tibetan pilgrims would make their way to the great shrines of Baudhanāth and Nomobuddha.


 

 


 

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¦ò¤lºô¸ô¥@¬Éªº®a ¦òºô Buddhanet
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